Type 2 Diabetes Makes Atherosclerosis Worse by Changing Plaque Structure
Atherosclerosis is the formation of fatty plaques in blood vessel walls that grow to obstruct blood flow. The degree to which the plaque is dangers isn't just a matter of size, it is also the composition. A softer, more lipid-laden plaque is more prone to rupture, leading to a heart attack or stroke when a downstream vessel is blocked. Plaques with more fibrotic or calcified structures are less dangerous in this sense. Here, researchers provide evidence suggesting that metabolic disease makes cardiovascular disease worse by altering the structure of plaques in favor of less stability, and thus greater risk of rupture.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with cardiovascular disease, possibly due to impaired vascular fibrous repair. Yet, the mechanisms are elusive. Here, we investigate alterations in the fibrous repair processes in type 2 diabetes atherosclerotic plaque extracellular matrix by combining multi-omics from the human Carotid Plaque Imaging Project cohort and functional studies. Plaques from type 2 diabetes patients have less collagen.
Interestingly, lower levels of transforming growth factor-ß distinguish type 2 diabetes plaques and, in these patients, lower levels of fibrous repair markers are associated with cardiovascular events. Transforming growth factor-ß2 originates mostly from contractile vascular smooth muscle cells that interact with synthetic vascular smooth muscle cells in the cap, leading to collagen formation and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. This is regulated by free transforming growth factor-ß2 which is affected by hyperglycemia. Our findings underscore the importance of transforming growth factor-ß2-driven fibrous repair in type 2 diabetes as an area for future therapeutic strategies.