Fight Aging!

Most programs aiming to produce therapies that treat aging involve some form of manipulation of cellular metabolism, usually via small molecules initially derived from screens that showed effects on function or survival in lower animals. Effect sizes are usually modest, and decrease relative to species life span as species life span increases; large increases in function and life span in a nematode worm translate to modest gains in a mouse. Where we have the ability to compare mice and humans, in the matter of growth hormone metabolism and calorie restriction, we know that sizable gains in mice do not translate to sizable gains in humans.

Researchers, particularly Brian Kennedy's team, have shown that most combinations of this sort of intervention fail to be useful. Any two marginally positive age-slowing changes to metabolism are far more likely to interfere with one another than they are to combine for a greater effect. Yet aging is a combination of forms of cell and tissue damage, and thus multiple treatments will be needed to address aging. To combine therapies is a desirable end goal, but it must be pursued rationally, using combinations made up of therapies that specifically address different forms of age-related damage. In principle, such combinations should be far less likely to interfere in one another's operation, and the outcome for health and longevity more likely to be additive and greater than any one therapy alone.

This view of combined therapies as the end goal was always implicit in the Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS) view of aging and how to go about the construction of rejuvenation therapies. One must repair the damage, and thus one must combine different repair strategies that address different forms of damage. This is the central point that the Longevity Escape Velocity (LEV) Foundation is attempting to demonstrate in their large, long-running mouse studies. The goal is to pick sensible combinations of therapies based on a damage repair philosophy, and show that these combinations can be additive. Nothing is ever straightforward, and there are clearly things to be learned along the way, but so far the LEV Foundation seems to be proving their point, a useful counterbalance to the work of Brian Kennedy.

Robust Mouse Rejuvenation: Breaking the Ceiling of Longevity Research

For decades, the field of biogerontology has largely focused on a single strategy: manipulating metabolism to slow down the rate at which we age. While approaches like caloric restriction have produced fascinating results in short-lived organisms like worms and flies, they have shown clear limits in mammals. At LEV Foundation, we are pursuing a distinct alternative: maintenance through damage repair. All age-related damage can be classified into a manageable number of categories. Since there are different types of damage, a single therapeutic intervention is insufficient. To achieve meaningful rejuvenation, we must move from isolation to synergy.

This necessity is the foundation of the Robust Mouse Rejuvenation (RMR) programme. We define RMR as a specific engineering benchmark: a multi-component intervention that increases both mean and maximum lifespan in mice by at least 12 months. This must be achieved in a mouse strain with a well-documented mean lifespan of at least 30 months, with treatment initiating only at the advanced age of 18 months. To hit this target, the RMR programme consists of large-scale studies designed to determine how leading-edge interventions behave when deployed together.

The RMR1 study served as a first test, operating at an unprecedented scale with 1000 middle-aged mice divided into 10 subgroups per sex. This granular design allowed us to map the complex web of interactions. We selected four interventions that had individually shown promise in extending mouse lifespan: rapamycin, senolytics, telomerase gene therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. By administering these simultaneously, we sought to establish whether their combined impact could finally break through the lifespan ceiling that no single intervention has ever managed to overcome.

The overarching conclusion following the completion of RMR1 is a qualified win for synergy. RMR1 successfully demonstrated that combining damage-repair interventions with metabolic modulation (rapamycin) yields additive benefits. Specifically, we observed a distinct rectangularisation of the survival curve. This means that we significantly increased mean lifespan by ensuring more mice survived into late life. However, we must be clear about the limits of this result. We did not observe a radical extension of maximum lifespan (the age of the oldest survivors). While the all-four combination group outperformed both the naive and mock controls, the "robust" goal of shifting the entire mortality window remains the target for future iterations.

RMR1 demonstrated that a single dose of damage repair has a limited window of efficacy. The damage re-accumulates. Future protocols must likely incorporate repeated dosing for interventions like senolytics and gene therapy. However, the male data revealed that combinatorial treatments extend this window significantly when supported by metabolic stability. We have used these critical lessons to design RMR2. The new study replaces the single-dose approach with cyclic treatments using mesenchymal stem cells and an expanded panel of eight interventions. With the blueprint for this next phase complete, funding is the only remaining bottleneck.

Autophagy is the name given to a collection of cellular processes responsible for recycling damaged or otherwise unwanted proteins and structures. The materials to be recycled are conveyed to a lysosome where they are broken down into raw materials that can be reused for further protein synthesis. Many of the most well studied approaches to slowing aging in laboratory species involve increased autophagy. Greater autophagy improves cell function and is demonstrated to reduce the pace at which cells in aged tissues enter the harmful senescent state. Nothing in biology is simple, however. Here, researchers discuss the role of excessive autophagy in sustaining the inflammatory, disruptive signaling that is generated by lingering senescent cells in aged tissues.

Autophagy and cellular senescence are fundamental stress-response programs that critically shape aging and disease progression, yet their functional relationship has remained paradoxical. Autophagy is traditionally viewed as a cytoprotective process that preserves cellular homeostasis and delays senescence. In contrast, emerging evidence demonstrates that autophagy is also indispensable for the survival and pathological activity of established senescent cells. In this review, we propose a "threshold model" to reconcile these opposing roles and to provide a unified framework linking signal transduction, organelle quality control, and therapeutic intervention.

According to the threshold model, autophagy exerts stage-dependent functions governed by stress intensity and disease progression. Below a critical damage threshold, robust autophagic flux suppresses senescence initiation by maintaining mitochondrial integrity, limiting oxidative stress, and preserving proteostasis. Once this threshold is exceeded, autophagy is functionally reprogrammed to sustain the metabolic and biosynthetic demands of senescent cells, including production of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

We highlight key signaling nodes that regulate this transition, including mTORC1, AMPK, p53, and p62, as well as spatial and organelle-specific mechanisms such as the TOR-autophagy spatial coupling compartment (TASCC), mitophagy failure, lipophagy blockade, and aberrant nucleophagy. These processes converge on innate immune pathways, notably cGAS-STING and NF-κB signaling, to drive chronic inflammation and tissue dysfunction. Importantly, we extend this mechanistic framework to clinical translation, synthesizing evidence from ongoing trials in cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic liver disease, and fibrosis. We argue that effective targeting of the autophagy-senescence axis requires precision gerontology, integrating dynamic biomarkers to guide stage-specific interventions-autophagy activation for prevention and autophagy inhibition or senolysis for established disease.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2026.104079

As researchers continue to map the changing composition of the gut microbiome in aging and disease, in ever more detail, they increasingly uncover the problematic activities of specific microbial species and specific mechanisms by which the aging of the gut microbiome can contribute to age-related loss of function throughout the body. This opens the door to the development of means of targeted adjustment of the gut microbiome's composition, and also to the development of therapies that interfere in specific interactions between the microbiome and tissues that cause issues.

Ageing is accompanied by declining memory function, with extremely heterogeneous manifestation in the human population. Brain-extrinsic factors influencing cognitive decline, such as gastrointestinal signals, have emerged as attractive targets for peripheral interventions, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, by charting a high-resolution map of microbiome ageing and its functional consequences throughout the lifespan of mice, we identify a mechanism by which inhibition of gut-brain signalling during ageing results in impaired neuronal activation in the hippocampus and loss of memory encoding.

Specifically, accumulation of gut bacteria that produce medium-chain fatty acids, such as Parabacteroides goldsteinii, can drive peripheral myeloid cell inflammation through GPR84 signalling. As a result, the function of vagal afferent neurons is impaired, the interoceptive signal received by the brain is weakened and hippocampal function declines. We leverage this pathway to define interventions that enhance memory in aged mice, such as phage targeting of Parabacteroides, GPR84 inhibition and restoration of vagal activity. These findings indicate a key role for interoceptive dysfunction in brain ageing and suggest that interoceptomimetics that stimulate gut-brain communication may counteract age-associated cognitive decline.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10191-6

The gut microbiome changes with age in ways that negatively affect tissue function and health. This is known because we live in an age in which it costs little to accurately measure the composition of the gut microbiome from a stool sample: which microbial species, and the relative abundance of each species. Bacterial species can be distinguished from one another by differing sequences of the 16S rRNA gene, so low-cost and relatively unsophisticated gene sequencing approaches can be used to characterize an individual's gut microbiome. The result is something of a golden age in the identification of new ways to adjust the gut microbiome to improve health.

Today's open access paper stands out as interesting, in that the authors establish a correlation between the prevalence of a single bacterial species, Roseburia inulinivorans, and muscle strength in mice and humans. The Roseburia inulinivorans population diminishes with age. Increasing the Roseburia inulinivorans population size via supplementation with live bacteria enhances muscle strength in mice. The size of that increase in strength was on the order of 30%, more than large enough to expect the emergence of a deluge of Roseburia inulinivorans live probiotic supplements in the years ahead. A trial of those supplements will be needed to determine the size of the effect on human muscle strength, but given the low cost of single species probiotic manufacture, that seems worth the effort.

Roseburia inulinivorans increases muscle strength

Gut bacteria have been implicated in a wide range of health conditions, yet their potential role in preventing and treating muscle-wasting disorders remains largely unexplored. We aimed to investigate whether specific gut microbial species are associated with muscle strength and to explore underlying mechanisms linking the gut microbiota to muscle health. We conducted metagenomic analyses in cohorts of younger and older adults extensively phenotyped for muscle strength. Associations were tested between bacterial taxa and performance measures. Causality was assessed by oral supplementation of candidate species in antibiotic-treated mice. Metabolomic profiling and muscle phenotyping were performed to elucidate mechanisms.

The relative abundance of Roseburia inulinivorans, but not other Roseburia species, was positively associated with multiple strength measures including handgrip, leg press, and bench press in humans. Supplementation of R. inulinivorans in mice significantly enhanced forelimb grip strength, whereas other Roseburia species had no effect. Metabolomic analyses revealed that R. inulinivorans reduced amino acid concentrations in the caecum and plasma, while activating the purine and pentose phosphate pathway in muscle. These changes coincided with increased muscle fibre size and a shift from type I to type II fibres. Accordingly, we observed that the relative abundance of R. inulinivorans is lower in older adults compared with young adults.

R. inulinivorans emerges as a species-specific modulator of muscle strength, linking gut microbiota to muscle metabolism and function. These findings support its potential as a probiotic candidate for nutraceutical interventions targeting age-related muscle-wasting diseases.

The aging of the brain is characterized by the formation of solid aggregates of misfolded amyloid-β peptides. This is a foundation for later loss of cognitive function and the development of the more severe, inflammatory dysfunction of late stage Alzheimer's disease. Researchers here provide data from cell studies to suggest that the innate immune cells known as microglia maladaptively manufacture amyloid-β aggregates in the process of attempting to clear amyloid. Microglia have been the target of increasing interest in the context of the aging of the brain and development of neurodegenerative conditions, though much of that has focused on growing inflammation driven by this cell population. It seems we might have to consider that the normal operation of microglia becomes pathological when faced with protein aggregates, a part of the complex opening stages of Alzheimer's disease and perhaps other neurodegenerative conditions.

A new study shows that immune cells called microglia can actively promote the formation of plaques in Alzheimer's disease, challenging the long-standing view that these cells serve only as defenders against plaque buildup. "Most studies suggest that microglia are there to clean up the brain and remove the amyloid plaques. What we discovered is that actually they're part of the problem. They generate plaques. It was thought that plaques aggregate by themselves. And it seems that the microglia, by trying to deal with the problem, amplify it."

The research team shows that microglia can remodel soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ42) into extracellular fibrils with potent seeding activity. Seeding is a key problem in disease: it is the process by which one aggregate gives rise to multiple new aggregates. These are the same type of structures that accumulate in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. "Our results suggest that many plaques in Alzheimer's brains may arise through cellular processes rather than spontaneous aggregation. We think this highlights a second role for microglia we were previously unaware of. Using seeding assays, we showed that cell-generated amyloid more closely resembles brain-derived amyloid and triggers disease-relevant cellular responses, establishing a model that better reflects what happens in patients."

Link: https://vib.be/en#/news/brain-immune-cells-may-help-build-not-just-clear-alzheimers-plaques

One of the avenues by which regular exercise produces health benefits is through adjustment of the composition of the gut microbiome, favoring the production of metabolites that improve health. A range of metabolites produce by gut-resident microbial species influence important cell types in the body and brain, and are to some degree necessary for normal tissue function. Here, for example, researchers trace the influence of exercise through its effects on the abundance of various bacterial species in the gut to alterations to tryptophan metabolism to effects on memory function and mood in the brain.

Exercise exerts beneficial effects on mood and memory. One emerging pathway through which exercise influences brain health is via the gut microbiota, which produces metabolites that can influence host brain functions. However, it is not yet known which exercise-induced alterations in the gut microbiota are associated with alterations in systemic metabolites that may affect the brain. We investigated the effect of exercise on the gut microbiota and serum metabolomics profile in adult male rats and examined the association of these microbial-mediated changes with brain processes.

Exercise decreased the relative abundance of two tryptophan-metabolizing bacterial genera, Alistipes and Clostridium. Serum metabolomics revealed that exercise enhanced tryptophan metabolism, with a greater abundance of the serotonin catabolite 5-hydroxytryptophol identified. The abundance of genus Clostridium was negatively nominally associated with serum levels of 2-oxindole, an indole derivative. Analysis of the gut-brain modules also revealed that tryptophan metabolism was enhanced by exercise. Furthermore, exercise decreased hippocampal expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a mediator of the effects of tryptophan-metabolizing gut microbes on neuronal function.

Taken together, results suggest that exercise modulates gut microbes associated with systemic tryptophan metabolism, which may exert beneficial effects on memory and mood via regulation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

Link: https://doi.org/10.61373/bm026r.0009

On the matter of cellular senescence as a contributing cause of degenerative aging, there is a school of thought whose members argue that at least some senescent cells are doing something useful by existing, despite their problematic behavior. Therefore therapeutic approaches should focus on prevention of senescence (senostatics) or reducing the harmful senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (senomorphics) rather than on outright destruction of senescent cells (senolytics). Within the array of possible ways to reduce the pace at which cells become senescence, sabotaging the ability of senescent cells to encourage their neighbors to also become senescent has been little explored, so it is interesting to note recent work on this topic.

Today's open access paper represents is an early step on the path to finding ways to block bystander senescence. It is likely that the relevant interactions differ by cell type and tissue, making it a more challenging exercise than would otherwise be the case. Here, the focus is on the brain, and the researchers outline potential target interactions that might be blocked to reduce the spread of cellular senescence in an aged brain. As an approach to therapy, this does have the look of an intervention that could increase risk of cancer, however. The ability of the senescent state to spread from cell to cell is one of the ways in which early cancers are suppressed before they can become an issue. But at the end of the day, the only practical way to assess hypothetical benefits versus hypothetical risks is to build a therapy and test it in animal studies.

Characterizing the SASP-Dependent Paracrine Spreading of Senescence Between Human Brain Cell Types

One of the defining phenotypes of a senescent cell is the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which can propagate senescence in neighboring cells both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, this paracrine spreading of senescence can act in a cell non-autonomous manner, influencing neighboring cell populations and contributing to immune cell recruitment. As cellular senescence has recently been linked to both age-related neurodegenerative phenotypes and local inflammation and is more clearly defined across brain cell types in a cell-type-dependent manner, an urgent question remains regarding how a cell-type-specific paracrine spreading of senescence occurs in the brain.

Here, we sought to unravel the relationship between key brain cell types (astrocytes, endothelial cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and neurons) in the context of a paracrine spreading of senescence via the SASP. We utilized our previously established in vitro DNA damage-induced human brain cell line senescence model and conditioned media experiments to profile the cell-type-dependent SASP, characterize the directionality of a paracrine spreading of senescence between the relevant cell types, identify key SASP ligands and receptors that mediate the cell-type-specific spread, and target these factors using various inhibitors in an attempt to prevent the paracrine spreading of senescence.

We demonstrate that a cell-type-specific SASP profile of each brain cell type drives differential induction of secondary senescence, where some cell types can induce senescence in themselves as well as in other cell types, while other cell types are only capable of receiving secondary senescence induction, but cannot spread. Importantly, we identified both cell-type-specific and common SASP ligands and receptors, which we successfully targeted to prevent the induction of secondary senescence depending on the cell types communicating with one another. Taken together, this work gives key insights into the mechanisms of paracrine spreading of senescence between brain cell types in vitro and offers potential therapeutic targets to prevent this spreading, which may in turn help to alleviate age-related tissue decline and inflammaging.

Researchers here provide data on the correlations between (a) secreted proteins circulating in blood that are distinct to senescent cells of various types, and (b) a number of different age-related conditions. Some cell types are better than others when it comes to the strength of correlation between the burden of senescence as assessed by circulating proteins and status of given age-related condition. This process of mapping the landscape of senescence and aging sets the stage for the development of better assays that can inform patients as to the risk resulting from the burden of senescence, and later the degree of improvement produced by therapies capable of reducing the burden of senescent cells.

Senescence is characterized in part by proteomic expression changes, including the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other proteins, which become amplified during sustained senescence and in large part drive its deleterious effect in a chronic, age-related context. These senescence-associated proteins (SAPs) have since proven to be heterogeneous by cell type and senescence-inducing stimulus.

One promising technique in assessing individual senescence burden is through the quantification of SAPs in circulating plasma. The plasma senescence burden has previously demonstrated compelling clinical associations, including with age, frailty, and mortality. In recent years, a group of senescence-targeting compounds collectively known as senotherapeutics has been investigated for their limited and context dependent senescence-attenuating effects. Senotherapeutic drugs have demonstrated an ability to lower circulating SAPs in human trials, and to partially alleviate some aging phenotypes.

A remarkable recent finding is that beyond general clinical traits such as age and mortality, organ-specific proteins can be tracked in circulation and used to model organ age and organ-specific clinical traits. Considering the previously demonstrated clinical relevance of circulating canonical senescence signatures, examining cell type-specific senescence signatures in circulation could similarly shed light on the unique clinical relevance of organ-specific senescence.

In this study, senescence signatures from the Senescence Catalog (SenCat), including 14 human cell types such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells, renal epithelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, among others, are examined for their clinical relevance in circulation in two longitudinal studies: 1,275 participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and 997 participants of the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study. Notably, pooled senescence proteins outperformed non-senescence proteins in predicting many clinical parameters such as age and hypertension, and in many instances cell type senescence signatures mapped most strongly to their corresponding health domain. Importantly, the immune cell senescence signature is associated with future onset of several diseases such as diabetes.

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.06.26345739

Senescent cells accumulate in tissues with age to promote degenerative aging. Senescent cells cause harm via the signals that they send to other cells, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP is by no means fully understood, and while it clearly contains many pro-inflammatory and pro-growth signals, it probably has many other effects as well. Here, researchers provide evidence for one specific SASP signal molecule to interfere in the benefits of exercise. Clearance of senescent cells should therefore produce an enhanced response to exercise in old individuals, in addition to the other benefits already demonstrated in a sizeable number of animal studies.

Adaptation to physiological stress is fundamental to health but varies widely among individuals. In humans, this heterogeneity is evident in markedly different gains in fitness in response to identical exercise training. The molecular determinants of this variable "trainability" remain poorly understood. Here we identify insulin-like growth factor binding protein-7 (IGFBP7), a senescence-associated secreted protein, as a circulating constraint on exercise adaptation.

Plasma proteomics in older adults enrolled in a randomized exercise trial revealed that IGFBP7 levels inversely predicted fitness gains after one year of high-intensity interval training despite similar baseline fitness. In mice, genetic deletion of IGFBP7 markedly amplified training-induced gains in exercise capacity across distinct training protocols, whereas somatic overexpression abolished this advantage. In the UK Biobank, lower IGFBP7 levels were associated with reduced mortality and multiple incident age-related diseases, mirroring the breadth of ties between fitness and healthspan.

Together, these findings identify circulating IGFBP7 as a molecular brake on physiological plasticity in response to exercise, linking training responsiveness, aging biology, and health outcomes.

Link: https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.02.09.26345899

Startup biotech companies have started to use the publication of preprint scientific papers as a way to enhance their standing with investors; putting out a preprint is considerably faster than formal publication, and requires no review process. Many startups undertake programs of research and development that are novel enough to have little in the way of a foundation of prior scientific literature, and thus this is one area of scientific publication in which more weight than usual should be given to the peer review process. In particular, one should be skeptical regarding claims of very large extension of life span in animal models in preprint papers.

Yes, someone will turn up at some point with a surprising, novel approach to rejuvenation that is impressive in comparison to the past scope of slowed aging and extended life in mice, and perhaps that program will be wrapped in a biotech company, and perhaps they will want the benefits of publishing as soon as possible rather than waiting on review. That future seems inevitable, given the pace of progress in aging research and the trend towards opening and democratizing the peer review process. Nonetheless, extraordinary claims still require extraordinary evidence. The history of claimed extension of life span in mice is littered with failed replication, and particularly so for studies that used small numbers of mice and claimed a large extension of life.

The startup biotech program reported in today's preprint paper is conducted by Sentcell. It is interesting and novel enough for the rest of the world to be skeptical until much more work on the topic is published. The size of the reported extension of life in mice resulting from their novel therapy is very large relative to the best that can be achieved via established approaches; large enough to reduce the credibility of the work, especially given the small numbers of mice used per study group. The researchers claim to have isolated a particular subset of cell communications that induces rejuvenation, which in and of itself is reasonable. Many companies and research groups are indeed exploring how cells might change one another's behavior for the better. Consider that stem cell therapies produce benefits via the signaling of transplanted cells as one example among many. It is the size of gain in mouse life span reported here that calls for a far greater body of supporting evidence in order to be taken at face value, given how very much larger it is than the effects of, e.g. stem cell therapies, exosome therapies, senolytics, and so forth.

CD4+ T cells confer transplantable rejuvenation via Rivers of telomeres

One theory attributes ageing to the accumulation of terminally differentiated or senescent cells in multiple tissues, disrupting homeostasis. A true fountain of youth would need to target senescent cells across organs, be tightly regulated, and transfer youth-promoting activity from a young organism to an old one - as in the original parabiosis studies. One rejuvenation candidate arises from telomere transfer between immune cells. We previously showed that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) donate telomere-containing vesicles to CD4+ T cells during immune synapse formation, extending their telomeres, preventing senescence, and generating long-lived, stem-like memory T cells.

Here we show that, after telomere acquisition, recipient CD4+ T cells undergoing fatty acid oxidation, assemble and release "Rivers" of telomeres into the circulation. These Rivers recycle surplus APC telomeres unused by the T cells and rejuvenate tissues throughout the body, extending lifespan - an unprecedented programme in which CD4+ T cells transmit youth-promoting signals between organisms. While analysing antigen-specific T cell memory responses, we observed that APC telomere transfer was accompanied by abundant extracellular telomeric material. Histology revealed that these extracellular telomeres were not merely tethered to T cells but arranged in vessel-like networks, suggesting release into circulation. The elongated, punctate structures appeared to flow along these networks, evoking miniature streams of genetic material - henceforth referred to as telomere Rivers.

In aged mice, adoptive transfer of young or metabolically reprogrammed CD4+ T cells triggered River production in vivo, and Rivers isolated from these animals could be transplanted into other aged mice to propagate the rejuvenation phenotype independently of T cells. River therapy extended median lifespan by ∼17 months, with several mice surviving to nearly five years. This immune-driven telomere transfer pathway is conserved across kingdoms, including plants, defining the first systemic, transplantable programme of youth.

The chemistry of structural proteins in the lens of the eye changes with age in ways that render the lens less flexible, contributing to vision issues such as presbyopia, and eventually degrade its transparency. Age-related cataracts are the outcome of chemical alterations that cloud the lens and eventually lead to blindness. Better understanding the chemistry involved in this loss of transparency should hopefully lead to ways to replace the problematic molecular structures, or at least help to prevent the early stages of their formation. This is more challenging for the lens of the eye than is the case for most tissues that become damaged with age, as there is at best very limited natural replacement of the structural proteins of the lens. At present, replacement approaches are focused on surgery to replace the lens rather than any sort of nanoscale, chemical intervention that preserves the existing tissue.

The human eye lens plays an essential role in vision by focusing light onto the retina. This transparent tissue consists of densely packed crystallin proteins that exhibit remarkable solubility despite minimal protein turnover. Unlike most proteins, which are continuously recycled, crystallins must remain stable and soluble throughout the human lifespan. Aging causes damage to the lens, primarily via photochemical oxidation. Over time, this causes crystallin aggregation and leads to cataract.

Although understanding oxidative damage is critical to understanding cataract formation and how it can be prevented, it is difficult to study in native biological systems. Here, we use genetic code expansion to introduce an oxidation product, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP), in a key site in human γS-crystallin, enabling it to be specifically investigated under controlled conditions. Replacing a critical tryptophan residue with 5HTP leads to reduced stability and increased aggregation.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpr.2026.100251

Take an aging population and a measure of function, and on average that measure will decline over time. That is degenerative aging in a nutshell, a loss of function, eventually including the very important function of staying alive. Within the environment of an average decline, however, it is possible to find individuals who manage to improve function between time points. Consider that it is well demonstrated that even very old people can improve capacity and reduce mortality risk by undertaking programs of structured exercise and strength training, for example. Few of us are exercising to an optimal level.

A widespread assumption exists among scientists, health care providers, and the public that later life is a time of inevitable and universal cognitive and physical decline. This assumption is likely due to considering older persons who improve to be exceptions, and the reliance on aging-health measures that do not allow for improvement. In contrast, we utilized a measure that allowed for an upward trajectory to occur. Our objective was to examine whether a meaningful number of older persons improve with this measure and, if so, to examine whether a promising modifiable culture-based variable, positive age beliefs, contributes to this improvement.

Individuals 65 years and older, who participated in a nationally representative longitudinal study, had their physical health assessed by walking speed and their cognitive health assessed by a global performance measure. We calculated the percentage of the sample that showed improvement in each domain from baseline to the last measurement up to 12 years later. We also examined whether a positive-age-belief measure predicted this improvement in regression models. It was found that 45.15% of persons improved in cognitive and/or physical function over this period, and positive age beliefs predicted these two types of improvement, both with and without adjusting for relevant covariates.

Link: https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics11020028

Species capable of exceptional regeneration also tend to have longer life spans and slowed aging relative to similar species with less proficient regenerative capabilities. Various closely related species of spiny mouse have been studied in the context of mammalian regeneration because of their ability to shed a large amount of skin and supporting tissues as a defensive mechanism, and later regrow that tissue without scarring. This exceptional regenerative capacity extends to at least some internal organs as well. Spiny mice have been used in past studies that pointed to differences in the activity of macrophage cells as one of the important determinants of complete regeneration versus scar formation.

Macrophages are innate immune cells that are deeply involved in ongoing tissue maintenance and regeneration from injury. Finding out exactly how differences in macrophage behavior are regulated in species capable of proficient regeneration, and whether those changes can be introduced into humans as a basis for therapy, remains an ongoing project. Today's open access paper extends this line of research to further link altered macrophage and broader immune behavior in spiny mice to a slowed pace of age-related decline. There is clearly a bigger picture here regarding aging, tissue maintenance, regeneration, and the innate immune system that researchers are in the early stages of assembling, step by step. At the end of the day it seems likely that there will be close ties between how the innate immune system regulates inflammation, its efficiency in certain activities, such as clearance of senescent cells, and both aging and regeneration.

Immunometabolic resistors of aging in long-lived golden spiny mice

One of the key manifestations of aging is a loss of biological resilience, including a slowdown in cell and tissue repair processes due to chronic sterile inflammation and metabolic stress. Long-lived wild rodents closely related to laboratory mice on the evolutionary scale may allow identification of dormant pathways that resist aging. Spiny mice (Acomys) are known for their exceptional regenerative capacity, but their resilience to aging is unknown.

Here, we report that aged golden spiny mice (Acomys russatus), reared in a non-pathogen-free environment, resist functional decline, have a greater repair capacity with reduced senescence in immune-metabolic organs compared to their sister species, eastern spiny mice (Acomys dimidiatus). Compared to A. dimidiatus, A. russatus retained high tissue repair capacity, reduced frailty with lower inflammaging, fibrosis, cellular senescence, and youthful transcriptome even beyond 4 years. Given that our A. russatus cohort was outbred and reared under non-SPF conditions, this model could be especially relevant for the identification of biomedically relevant mechanisms of health and longevity that are typically obscured in standard genetically identical laboratory mice.

Aged A. russatus maintains transcriptional integrity akin to young mice, highlighting experimental checkpoints for inflammation and mortality. A finding of immune system adaptation of A. russatus was the maintenance of functional thymic architecture till 4 years of age. Notably, the thymi of A. russatus were protected from lipoatrophy and involution, similar to naked mole-rat and long-lived fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) transgenic mice that maintain naïve T cell repertoire till advanced age. We further identified that elevated levels of clusterin in A. russatus macrophages restrain inflammaging and enhance health span in aged mice. Thus, A. russatus biology reveals therapeutically actionable targets that may enhance or maintain function during aging.

Some of the organs in the body do not have to be in their current location, nor structured in a single mass of tissue, in order to carry out all of their functions. The liver is one of these organs. Many (not all, but many) of the functions of the liver could be carried out by small amounts of liver tissue distributed throughout the body. Thus the existence of companies like Lygenesis, shepherding clinical trials of liver tissue organoid transplantation into lymph nodes to help restore lost function. Here, researchers report on the early stages of development for an alternative approach that is even less like normal liver tissue, essentially just an injection of cells and hydrogel rather than any production of structured tissue for transplantation, but that nonetheless produces a small volume of pseudo-tissue at the injection site that can carry out many of the functions of the liver.

Liver transplantation remains the standard treatment for end-stage liver failure, yet it is limited by donor scarcity, surgical complexity, and poor accessibility. Cell-based therapies offer an alternative, yet their translation has been hindered by low engraftment, poor localization, and a lack of delivery strategies that are both effective and minimally invasive. To address these challenges, we developed injected, self-assembled, image-guided tissue ensembles (INSITE), an injectable platform composed of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and hydrogel microspheres that assemble in situ into supportive, vascularizable scaffolds following image-guided delivery.

Ultrasound-guided delivery into an ectopic site enabled precise graft localization, persistent noninvasive imaging, and vascular integration in vivo. Hepatocytes remained confined within these scaffolds and maintained long-term functional activity. Furthermore, tuning material properties allowed control over scaffold remodeling and vascular recruitment to enhance graft function. By integrating image-guided delivery with a modular scaffold, INSITE establishes a clinically compatible strategy for advancing minimally invasive cell therapies.

Link: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celbio.2026.100378

Researchers here mount an argument for aging to have evolved due to the interaction between (a) limited nutrient availability in the environment and (b) the options a cell has for generating the vital chemical energy store molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Broadly, ATP can be generated via glycolysis in the cytoplasm or oxidative reactions in mitochondria, at least in eukaryotes such as mammals. Mitochondrial ATP production is slower and more energy-efficient, but both avenues decline with age. Loss of ATP production is harmful to cell and tissue function, most prominently in tissues with high energy needs such as muscle and the brain. Why does ATP production decline with age? The argument advanced here is that this decline evolved in part because it helps the survival of offspring by limiting parental consumption of resources, which borders on being a group selection mechanism. Group selection has long fallen out of favor, but a number of theories of aging, particularly those in the programmed aging category, have considered it to one degree or another.

Why do animals not have an eternal lifespan? Animals possess sophisticated systems that, in many species, appear capable of supporting immortality. Second, why do lifespans vary considerably among species despite similarities in genetic makeup, specifically the central dogma linking DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which warrants a molecular explanation? For example, elephants live thirty times as long as mice.

Significant differences between ATP production by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation include the quantity produced, production speed, and functional roles. Glycolytic ATP production is approximately 100 times faster than oxidative phosphorylation. ATP from glycolysis supplies rapid energy during acute demands, while oxidative phosphorylation supports basal/homeostatic cellular energy needs. Glycolysis plays important role in cell division and DNA repair. Additionally, the glycolysis activator HIF-1α promotes mitochondria repair through mitophagy. These findings suggest that decreased glycolytic ATP production during aging may underline various age-related symptoms. Immortal cells exhibit a metabolic profile characterized by highly active glycolytic ATP production and HIF-1α activation, even in oxygen-rich conditions.

Populations of species cannot grow infinitely, and one of the major limiting factors in natural world is food supply. The shift from glycolysis to aerobic metabolism increases energy efficiency, benefiting individual survival during food shortages, which can be caused by environmental changes or emergence of competitors for the food. This indicates that reduced glycolytic ATP production with aging can benefit the species by enhancing survival of parent generation at starvation conditions and allocating food to offspring generation in natural world where food supply is limited. Only species that happened to have an optimal rate of reduction in glycolytic ATP production over time were selected and survived through generational changes.

The optimal rate of glycolytic ATP decline for survival varies among species and depends on factors such as environment, competition, maturation time, and body size. This concept clarifies the significant differences in aging rates and lifespans across species despite largely conserved biological components. This is exemplified by the naked mole rat, an exceptionally long-lived species that lives underground where there are few environmental changes and predators, and maintains unrestrained glycolytic flux and ATP supply to adapt to underground life with low oxygen levels.

Link: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.206356