Athletes Exhibit Better Working Memory than Sedentary People
A fair sized body of evidence shows that physical activity improves memory function, both in the short term immediately following exercise, and over the long term for people engaging in regular exercise. This occurs in both younger and older people; it isn't just a matter of compensating for the effects of aging. The brain operates at the edge of its capacity, and delivery of greater nutrients and oxygen via increased cerebral blood flow following exercise enables greater activity. Thus it isn't surprising to see associations between memory function and the level of physical activity required to be an athlete. Of note, this study isn't all that great for older demographics - older athletes are relatively small in number.
This meta-analysis investigated the differences in working memory (WM) performance between athletes and non-athletes in non-sports-specific tasks. A comprehensive evaluation of 21 studies encompassing different age groups, genders, and sports types identified a small but statistically significant advantage in WM accuracy or capacity for athletes compared to non-athletes. Notably, this advantage was more pronounced when athletes were contrasted with a sedentary population.
We conducted seven subgroup analyses as part of this study. An age-specific investigation revealed a small but significant advantage in WM for young adult athletes over non-athletes. However, our investigation into the link between sports expertise and WM across various age groups is limited by a lack of substantial research focusing on older adults and children. Therefore, we are unable to confirm whether older athletes exhibit superior WM enhancement in comparison to other demographic groups. Considering the benefits of exercise for mitigating age-related cognitive decline, as well as its role in improving cognitive and learning abilities during childhood and adolescence, studies focusing on these age groups would be important. In particular, studies on older adults who are ex-athletes could provide insights into the long-term effects of sports.
Subgroup analysis based on sports types revealed that athletes from individual sports outperformed non-athletes in experimental WM tasks, while athletes from team sports showed no such significant advantage. Contrary to our expectations, no significant difference was found between individual and team sports subgroups in WM performance. These results suggest that the cognitive gains afforded by engaging in sports likely arise from general physiological and psychological effects.
Our comparison of WM performance of elite and non-elite athletes with that of non-athletes identified a WM advantage for elite athletes, while the advantage for non-elite athletes approached but did not reach statistical significance. Additionally, there was no significant difference in WM performance between the two subgroups. This finding prompts introspection regarding the sports performance-cognition nexus. Our results imply that cognitive benefits, particularly with respect to WM, stem more from sustained engagement in workout than from the high competitive level achieved.
The WM advantage observed in athletes in comparison to non-athletes is likely based on both physiological and psychological mechanisms. Physiologically, sports confer efficiency advantages in information processing and cognitive function by increasing cerebral blood flow, triggering the release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and promoting neural network plasticity. Psychologically, sports confer benefits that optimise cognitive performance through improved control, enhanced attention allocation, and accelerated information processing.